Xi Jinping (R) is widely expected to replace Hu Jintao, who retires after 10 years at the top
Leaders in Beijing are expected to name Xi Jinping president at the annual parliament session, completing China's 10-yearly transition of power.
Mr Xi, appointed to the Communist Party's top post in November, replaces Hu Jintao, who is stepping down.
Some 3,000 deputies to the National People's Congress will take part in the vote at the Great Hall of the People.
The new premier - widely expected to be Li Keqiang - is scheduled to be named on Friday, replacing Wen Jiabao.
While votes are held for the posts, they are largely ceremonial and the results rarely a surprise.
Mr Xi was named secretary-general of the Communist Party on 8 November and also given the leadership of the top military body, the Central Military Commission.
This vote, handing him the role of head of state, is the final stage in the transition of power to him and his team, the slimmed-down, seven-member Standing Committee.
Austerity presidentThe 59-year-old Mr Xi is the son of a revolutionary veteran - and as such, seen as a "princeling", an official who owes at least some of his success to family connections.
He held top party roles in Zhejiang and Shanghai, before being appointed to the Standing Committee - China's top decision-making body - in 2007.
Since his elevation to the top of the party in November, Mr Xi has been feted in Chinese media as a man of the people who shuns the usual trappings of his position.
He has also been quoted emphasising the need to stamp out corruption at all levels, warning of civil unrest if party privilege is not tackled.
The largely symbolic vice-president position will also be decided on Thursday.
On Friday Premier Wen Jiabao's successor will be named, with the party's number two leader, former Liaoning party chief Li Keqiang, set to take over.
The NPC closes on Sunday.
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